Reconsidering Qibla Orientation in Aceh’s Cultural Heritage Mosques: An Integrative Multi-Model Tolerance Framework
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Abstract
Aceh is home to numerous historic mosques, many of which remain active places of worship and have been designated as cultural heritage sites. Their qibla (qiblah) orientations, however, may differ from modern astronomical calculations, while attempts at correction often encounter concerns regarding historical ijtihād, religious legitimacy, and heritage preservation. This study evaluates the qibla orientation of 13 cultural heritage mosques in Aceh using Google Earth-based geospatial analysis interpreted through the perspectives of fiqh, science, and tradition. The results show that 53% of the mosques exhibit substantial deviations of more than 5°, while 47% fall within the high- or moderate-precision categories. Based on these findings, the study develops a Multi-Model Framework for Qibla Direction Tolerance integrating five models: the Astronomical 3-Point Model, Symbolic Kaaba Radius Model, Actual Haram Boundary Model, Sociological Tolerance, and Fiqh Tolerance. The framework distinguishes geometric precision from normative legitimacy and enables qibla orientation to be evaluated contextually without neglecting astronomical accuracy, fiqh considerations, historical value, and community acceptance.
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Putri, Hasna Tuddar, Laiyina Ukhti, Ismail Ismail, and Mahfudzah Ulfa. “Reconsidering Qibla Orientation in Aceh’s Cultural Heritage Mosques: An Integrative Multi-Model Tolerance Framework”. Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 21, no. 1 (October 8, 2026): 85-117. Accessed October 8, 2026. https://islamica.uinsa.ac.id/index.php/islamica/article/view/1294.
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References
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Ismail, Dikson T. Yasin, and Zulfiah. “Toleransi Pelencengan Arah Kiblat di Indonesia Perspektif Ilmu Falak dan Hukum Islam.” Al-Mizan 17, no. 1 (2021): 115–138. https://doi.org/10.30603/am.v17i1.2070
Ismanto, Reno, Ahmad Fadholi, Priyanggo Karunia Rahman, Sahibzada Muhammad Waseem Jan, and Hasna Tuddar Putri. “Integrating Geospatial Technology and Islamic Jurisprudence: An Analysis of Qibla Deviation in Mosques.” Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi dan Penelitian Hukum Islam 9, no. 2 (2026): 265–279. https://doi.org/10.30659/jua.v9i2.51900
Izzuddin, Ahmad. “Metode Penentuan Arah Kiblat dan Akurasinya.” Paper presented at the Annual International Conference on Islamic Studies XII, Surabaya, 2012.
Izzuddin, Ahmad. “Typology Jihatul Ka’bah on Qibla Direction of Mosques in Semarang.” Ulul Albab: Jurnal Studi dan Penelitian Hukum Islam 4, no. 1 (2020): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.30659/jua.v4i1.12186
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Jamil, A., and Sakirman. Dinamika Arah Kiblat Masjid Agung. Lampung Tengah: Kolaborasi Pustaka Warga, 2023.
Kristiana, Yustisia. Geografi Pariwisata. Pekalongan: Penerbit NEM, 2023.
Laksana, Agung, and Muh Rasywan Syarif. “Telaah Matematis Variasi Lebar Arah Kiblat di Wilayah Indonesia.” ELFALAKY: Jurnal Ilmu Falak 6, no. 1 (2022): 18–37. https://doi.org/10.24252/ifk.v6i1.29587
Man, Hamdan Mashuri. “Uji Akurasi Raṣd Al-Qiblah, Istiwa’aini, dan Google Earth terhadap Arah Kiblat Masjid Pondok Pesantren Miftahul Huda Al Mansyur Al Sunan Kalijaga Wonogiri.” Undergraduate thesis, IAIN Ponorogo, 2025.
Marshall, Gill, and Leon Jonker. “An Introduction to Descriptive Statistics: A Review and Practical Guide.” Radiography 16, no. 4 (2010): e1–e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radi.2010.01.001
Maxwell, Joseph A. “Using Numbers in Qualitative Research.” Qualitative Inquiry 16, no. 6 (2010): 475–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800410364740
Muhajir, Imam Yahya, and Frangky Suleman. “Analysis of Qicblat Direction at Jami Al Iman Mosque Sunan Geseng Loano Purworejo.” Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir’ah 20, no. 2 (2022): 251–262. https://doi.org/10.30984/jis.v20i2.2013
Muhajir, Misbah Khusurur, Frangky Suleman, Suud Sarim Karimullah, Lina Kuklienė, and Supaprawat Siripipatthanakul. “Traditional Wisdom and Modern Methods in Qibla Direction: A Multicultural Study of Sunan Geseng Great Mosque, Indonesia.” Kawanua International Journal of Multicultural Studies 5, no. 2 (2024): 186–198. https://doi.org/10.30984/kijms.v5i2.1178
Muhalling, Rusdin, ST. Najmah, Nur Azizah Huzaimah, and Mesut Idriz. “The Qibla Directional Accuracy Determination Analysis Using Spherical Trigonometric Method and Google Earth.” NeuroQuantology 20, no. 5 (2022). https://doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.5.NQ22153
Musonnif, Ahmad, Muhammad Mufti al Anam, Muhammad Rizki Syaifudin Irsyad, and Mohammad Amirudin. “Religious Moderation in Addressing Qibla Direction Deviation: A Case Study of Al-Munawwar Grand Mosque in Tulungagung, Indonesia.” Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy 8, no. 1 (2026): 13–26. https://doi.org/10.21580/al-hilal.2026.8.1.28690
Mustafa, Ahsin Dinal. “Qibla Directions through Ulama’s Fatwa: Comparative Study between Qibla Direction Fatwa of Indonesian Ulama Council and Dar Al-Ifta Al-Misriyyah.” Al-Hilal: Journal of Islamic Astronomy 1, no. 1 (2019). https://doi.org/10.21580/al-hilal.2019.1.1.5675
Najieh, Abu Ahmad. Fikih Mazhab Syafi’i. Bandung: Nuansa Cendekia, 2019.
Nasution, Isman Pratama. “Nama-Nama Masjid Kuno di Nusantara dan Aspek yang Melatarbelakangi: Tinjauan Toponimi dan Arkeologis.” Paper presented at Seminar Nasional Toponimi, Depok, 2017.
Nurjayanti, Widyastuti. “Historical, Philosophical, and Contextual Values in Al-Wustho Mangkunegaran Mosque, Surakarta.” Journal of Islamic Architecture 7, no. 2 (2022): 210–219. https://doi.org/10.18860/jia.v7i2.15609
Pinem, Masmedia. “Masjid Pulo Kameng Akulturasi dan Toleransi Masyarakat Aceh.” Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 20, no. 1 (2013): 87–98. https://doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v20i1.8
Putri, Aji Sofiana, and Muhammad Naufal Fadhil. “Aceh’s Old Mosques: Reconciling Old and New Architecture.” Heritage of Nusantara: International Journal of Religious Literature and Heritage 12, no. 2 (2023): 149–186. https://doi.org/10.31291/hn.v12i2.732
Putri, Hasna Tuddar. “Pergulatan Mitos dan Sains dalam Penentuan Arah Kiblat: Studi Kasus Pelurusan Arah Kiblat Masjid Agung Demak.” Undergraduate thesis, IAIN Walisongo Semarang, 2010.
Raharto, Moedji, and Dede Jaenal Arifin. “Telaah Penentuan Arah Kiblat dengan Perhitungan Trigonometri Bola dan Bayang-Bayang Gnomon oleh Matahari.” Jurnal Fisika Himpunan Fisika Indonesia 11, no. 1 (2011): 23–29.
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