State Hegemony and the Production of Legal Consensus: The Making of Indonesia’s Compilation of Islamic Law
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article analyzes how state hegemony operated in the unification of Islamic law in Indonesia through the Compilation of Islamic Law (Kompilasi Hukum Islam/KHI). Using legal-historical research with a legal-political approach, it reads the legal instruments of the KHI together with the documents and published accounts of the compilation project (1985-1991) through Antonio Gramsci’s theory of hegemony. The findings show that the KHI was not merely an administrative response to the absence of uniform substantive law in the Religious Courts. It was a hegemonic project in which the New Order state organized the production of religious consent, through the four-track compilation project, the 1988 national workshop of ulema, and the mediation of jurist-bureaucrats such as Busthanul Arifin, so that state-selected fiqh opinions came to be accepted as Indonesian Islamic law. This consent was negotiated and uneven rather than total, as the debates over inheritance and the persistence of unregistered marriages show. The article contributes the concept of “frozen hegemony” to explain how the consensus of 1985-1991 was fixed in a text of ambiguous legal status that remains insulated from both judicial ijtihād and parliamentary contestation.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Faisal, Ahmad, Rita Defriza, Khairul Bahri Nasution, and Kusor Kusor. “State Hegemony and the Production of Legal Consensus: The Making of Indonesia’s Compilation of Islamic Law”. Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 21, no. 1 (October 3, 2026): 58-84. Accessed October 3, 2026. https://islamica.uinsa.ac.id/index.php/islamica/article/view/1284.
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
References
Abdurrahman. Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia. Jakarta: Akade-mika Pressindo, 1992.
Alfanny, M. Sa, Achmad Zuhdi Dh, and Ferhadz A. Muhammad. “Persinggungan Politik Islam dan Islam Politik: Genealogi dan Perkembangan Islam di Era Orde Baru.” Journal of Politics and Policy (JPPOL) 7, no. 1 (2025): 60-77. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jppol.2025.7.1.4.
Ali, Zezen Zaenudin. “Pemikiran Hegemoni Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) di Italia.” YAQZHAN 3, no. 2 (2017): 63-81. https://doi.org/10.24235/jy.v3i2.5482.
Anggraeni, Ricca, and Endra Wijaya. “Pengantar mengenai Hegemoni dan Hukum: Menyoal Kembali Bekerjanya Hukum di Masyarakat.” Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 8, no. 4 (2019): 494-511. https://doi.org/10.24843/JMHU.2019.v08.i04.p05.
Arifin, Busthanul. Pelembagaan Hukum Islam di Indonesia: Akar Se-jarah, Hambatan dan Prospeknya. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 1996.
Azqiana, Nazila Naura, and Muhammad Jaidi. Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) Sebagai Wujud Adaptasi Hukum Islam Dalam Sistem Hukum Nasional Indonesia. 18, no. 2 (2025): 56-71. https://doi.org/10.63216/annahdhah.v18i2.505.
Cammack, Mark. “Indonesia’s 1989 Religious Judicature Act: Is-lamization of Indonesia or Indonesianization of Islam?” Indo-nesia 63 (1997): 143-68.
-----. “Islamic Law in Indonesia’s New Order.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 38, no. 1 (1989): 53-73.
Cammack, Mark, Lawrence A. Young, and Tim Heaton. “Legislat-ing Social Change in an Islamic Society: Indonesia’s Marriage Law.” American Journal of Comparative Law 44, no. 1 (1996): 45-73.
Daimun, Bunawan, and Husain. “Dialektika Hukum Islam dan Pe¬rubahan Sosial, Ekonomi dan Politik.” Jurnal Sibaliparriq 1, no. 1 (2024): 12-31.
Direktorat Pembinaan Badan Peradilan Agama Islam. Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia. Jakarta: Departemen Agama RI, 1992.
Effendy, Bahtiar. Islam and The State In Indonesia. Singapore: Insti-tute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003.
Fakhrurrazi, R. “Rujuk dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) Per¬spektif Maslahah Mursalah.” Jurnal Ekonomi dan Hukum Islam 9, no. 1 (2025): 46-56. https://doi.org/10.35316/istidlal.v9i1.767.
Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers, 1992.
Haidar, M. Ali, and Arif Hidayatullah. “Depolitisasi Nahdlatul Ulama 1968-1983.” AVATARA, e-Journal Pendidikan Sejarah 2, no. 3 (2014): 517-25.
Hendrayani, Saifullah, Kamal Tamrin, Asmaret Desi, and Julhadi. “Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) Sejarah Penyusunan, Dasar dan Eksistensinya dalam Tata Urutan Perundang-Undangan ditinjau dari Politik Hukum Indonesia.” Journal Scientific of Mandalika (JSM) 6, no. 3 (2025): 678-84.
Herawati, Andi. “Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) Sebagai Hasil Ijtihad Ulama Indonesia.” Hunafa: Jurnal Studia Islamika 8, no. 2 (2011): 321-40. https://doi.org/10.24239/jsi.v8i2.367.
Hikmatullah. “Selayang Pandang Sejarah Penyusunan Kompilasi Hukum Islam Di Indonesia.” Jurnal AJUDIKASI 1, no. 2 (2017): 39-52. https://doi.org/10.30656/ajudikasi.v1i2.496.
Hooker, M. B. Indonesian Syariah: Defining a National School of Islamic Law. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008.
Ikhsan, Rizky Al, Saiful Amin, and Khairul Fahmi. “Hegemoni Hukum Islam dalam Legislasi KUHP: Analisis Gramscian Atas Undang-Undang No.1 Tahun 2023.” Al-Muhkam 1, no. 1 (2025): 54-66. https://doi.org/10.65980/almuhkam.v1i1.35.
Jannah, Nur. “Realitas Pesantren dan Kebijakan Pendidikan Islam dalam Perspektif Hegemoni Antonio Gramsci.” Journal of Is-lamic Education Research 1, no. 01 (2019): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.35719/jier.v1i01.16.
Junianto, Muhammad Nurafni, and Dwi Naili Hidayah. “Per-bandingan Pengaturan Ahli Waris Pengganti dan Harta Gono Gini dalam Hukum Islam dan Perdata di Indonesia.” Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum 4, no. 1 (2026): 1322-32. https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v4i1.3232.
Katili, Muh Fakhri B., Riyanto Moonti, Roy Marthen Moonti, and Muslim A. Kasim. “Reformasi Politik dan Kewenangan Presi¬den: Analisis Kritis terhadap Peran Instruksi Presiden dalam Pembentukan Kebijakan Nasional.” Politika Progresif: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Humaniora 2, no. 2 (2025): 373-83. https://doi.org/10.62383/progres.v2i2.2057.
Lev, Daniel S. Islamic Courts in Indonesia: A Study in the Political Bases of Legal Institutions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
Muslim, Mochammad. “Pengaruh Konfigurasi Politik Hukum Orde Baru Terhadap Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) di In-donesia.” al-Daulah 4, no. April (2014). https://doi.org/10.15642/ad.2014.4.01.220-242.
Nurlaelawati, Euis. Modernization, Tradition and Identity: The Kompilasi Hukum Islam and Legal Practice in the Indonesian Religious Courts. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010.
Ridwan, Muannif, Abdul Bari Azed, and Sulaiman Saman. “Kompilasi Hukum Islam Ditinjau dari Perspektif Politik Hukum Indonesia.” Al-Ahkam 3, no. 1 (2021): 39-47. https://doi.org/10.37035/ajh.v17i1.4739.
Sapriya, Syaifullah, Muhammad Mona Adha, and Candra Cuga. “Penguatan Komitmen Akademik Dalam Memperkokoh Ja-tidiri PKn.” Prosiding Seminar Nasional, 2015.
Siswanto, Rais. “Pembaharuan Hukum Islam Indonesia.” Eksekusi: Journal Of Law 5, no. 1 (2023): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.24014/je.v5i1.18423.
Sjadzali, Munawir. “Reaktualisasi Ajaran Islam.” In Polemik Reaktu¬alisasi Ajaran Islam, edited by Iqbal Abdurrauf Saimima. Jakar¬ta: Pustaka Panjimas, 1988.
Suhaili, Achmad. “Integrasi Maqāṣid Al-Syarī‘Ah Dalam Praktik Peradilan Agama Di Indonesia: Studi Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Keluarga.” Jurnal Hukum Keluarga 06, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.62097/mabahits.v6i01.2236.
Suhardi. “Bentuk-Bentuk Counter Hegemoni Media Era Internet.” Journal Media Public Relations 4, no. 2 (2024): 23-30. https://doi.org/10.37090/jmp.v4i2.1893.
Syahputra, Muhammad Rudi. “Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Da-lam Menyelesaikan Problematika Hukum Kontemporer.” Ju-risprudensi: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 1, no. 2 (2024): 89-106. https://doi.org/10.70193/jurisprudensi.v1i02.08.
Tauratiya, and Ekaningsih Lailasari. “Plaatsvervulling Dalam Hukum Waris Indonesia: Mengungkap Kedudukan Ahli Waris Pengganti.” Islamitsch Familierecht Journal 5, no. 2 (2024): 105-26. https://doi.org/10.32923/ifj.v5i2.5035.
Tim Pengarusutamaan Gender Departemen Agama RI. Pembaruan Hukum Islam: Counter Legal Draft Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Jakar-ta: Departemen Agama RI, 2004.
Wahid, Marzuki, and Rumadi. Fiqh Madzhab Negara: Kritik atas Poli¬tik Hukum Islam di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2001.
Wardatun, Atun. “Kompilasi Hukum Islam: Dari Dominasi Fiqh Menuju Dominasi Aturan.” Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum dan Ekonomi Islam 5, no. 1 (2007): 1-128.
Watoni, Lalu Sukrizal. “Kedudukan dan Penerapan Kompilasi Hukum Islam Sebagai Mazhab Fiqih di Indonesia.” Jurnal Da-russalam: Pemikiran Hukum Tata Negara dan Perbandingan Hukum 5, no. 1 (2025): 132-46. https://doi.org/10.59259/jd.v5i1.238.
Wildaniyah, Fina, and Ahmad Muktafi. “Kebutuhan akan adanya Kompilasi Hukum Islam bagi Peradilan Agama sudah lama.” Jurnal Kajian Hukum Keluarga Islam 7, no. 2 (2025): 49-58. https://doi.org/10.58293/asa.v7i2.154.
2. Laws, Regulations, and Official Documents
Circular Letter of the Religious Courts Bureau No. B/1/735 of 18 February 1958.
Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010.
Government Regulation No. 9 of 1975 on the Implementation of Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage.
Joint Decree of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Minister of Religious Affairs No. 07/KMA/1985 and No. 25 of 1985 on the Appointment of the Implementation of the Project for the Development of Islamic Law through Juris-prudence.
Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage.
Law No. 7 of 1989 on Religious Courts.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia. Fatwa No. 11 of 2012 on the Status of Children Born of Zina and Their Treatment.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia. Keputusan Ijtima’ Ulama Komisi Fatwa se-Indonesia II. Gontor, Ponorogo, 2006.
Minister of Religious Affairs Decree No. 154 of 1991 on the Im-plementation of Presidential Instruction No. 1 of 1991.
Presidential Instruction No. 1 of 1991 on the Dissemination of the Compilation of Islamic Law.
Alfanny, M. Sa, Achmad Zuhdi Dh, and Ferhadz A. Muhammad. “Persinggungan Politik Islam dan Islam Politik: Genealogi dan Perkembangan Islam di Era Orde Baru.” Journal of Politics and Policy (JPPOL) 7, no. 1 (2025): 60-77. https://doi.org/10.21776/ub.jppol.2025.7.1.4.
Ali, Zezen Zaenudin. “Pemikiran Hegemoni Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) di Italia.” YAQZHAN 3, no. 2 (2017): 63-81. https://doi.org/10.24235/jy.v3i2.5482.
Anggraeni, Ricca, and Endra Wijaya. “Pengantar mengenai Hegemoni dan Hukum: Menyoal Kembali Bekerjanya Hukum di Masyarakat.” Jurnal Magister Hukum Udayana (Udayana Master Law Journal) 8, no. 4 (2019): 494-511. https://doi.org/10.24843/JMHU.2019.v08.i04.p05.
Arifin, Busthanul. Pelembagaan Hukum Islam di Indonesia: Akar Se-jarah, Hambatan dan Prospeknya. Jakarta: Gema Insani Press, 1996.
Azqiana, Nazila Naura, and Muhammad Jaidi. Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) Sebagai Wujud Adaptasi Hukum Islam Dalam Sistem Hukum Nasional Indonesia. 18, no. 2 (2025): 56-71. https://doi.org/10.63216/annahdhah.v18i2.505.
Cammack, Mark. “Indonesia’s 1989 Religious Judicature Act: Is-lamization of Indonesia or Indonesianization of Islam?” Indo-nesia 63 (1997): 143-68.
-----. “Islamic Law in Indonesia’s New Order.” International and Comparative Law Quarterly 38, no. 1 (1989): 53-73.
Cammack, Mark, Lawrence A. Young, and Tim Heaton. “Legislat-ing Social Change in an Islamic Society: Indonesia’s Marriage Law.” American Journal of Comparative Law 44, no. 1 (1996): 45-73.
Daimun, Bunawan, and Husain. “Dialektika Hukum Islam dan Pe¬rubahan Sosial, Ekonomi dan Politik.” Jurnal Sibaliparriq 1, no. 1 (2024): 12-31.
Direktorat Pembinaan Badan Peradilan Agama Islam. Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia. Jakarta: Departemen Agama RI, 1992.
Effendy, Bahtiar. Islam and The State In Indonesia. Singapore: Insti-tute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2003.
Fakhrurrazi, R. “Rujuk dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) Per¬spektif Maslahah Mursalah.” Jurnal Ekonomi dan Hukum Islam 9, no. 1 (2025): 46-56. https://doi.org/10.35316/istidlal.v9i1.767.
Gramsci, Antonio. Selections from the Prison Notebooks. New York: International Publishers, 1992.
Haidar, M. Ali, and Arif Hidayatullah. “Depolitisasi Nahdlatul Ulama 1968-1983.” AVATARA, e-Journal Pendidikan Sejarah 2, no. 3 (2014): 517-25.
Hendrayani, Saifullah, Kamal Tamrin, Asmaret Desi, and Julhadi. “Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) Sejarah Penyusunan, Dasar dan Eksistensinya dalam Tata Urutan Perundang-Undangan ditinjau dari Politik Hukum Indonesia.” Journal Scientific of Mandalika (JSM) 6, no. 3 (2025): 678-84.
Herawati, Andi. “Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) Sebagai Hasil Ijtihad Ulama Indonesia.” Hunafa: Jurnal Studia Islamika 8, no. 2 (2011): 321-40. https://doi.org/10.24239/jsi.v8i2.367.
Hikmatullah. “Selayang Pandang Sejarah Penyusunan Kompilasi Hukum Islam Di Indonesia.” Jurnal AJUDIKASI 1, no. 2 (2017): 39-52. https://doi.org/10.30656/ajudikasi.v1i2.496.
Hooker, M. B. Indonesian Syariah: Defining a National School of Islamic Law. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008.
Ikhsan, Rizky Al, Saiful Amin, and Khairul Fahmi. “Hegemoni Hukum Islam dalam Legislasi KUHP: Analisis Gramscian Atas Undang-Undang No.1 Tahun 2023.” Al-Muhkam 1, no. 1 (2025): 54-66. https://doi.org/10.65980/almuhkam.v1i1.35.
Jannah, Nur. “Realitas Pesantren dan Kebijakan Pendidikan Islam dalam Perspektif Hegemoni Antonio Gramsci.” Journal of Is-lamic Education Research 1, no. 01 (2019): 1-21. https://doi.org/10.35719/jier.v1i01.16.
Junianto, Muhammad Nurafni, and Dwi Naili Hidayah. “Per-bandingan Pengaturan Ahli Waris Pengganti dan Harta Gono Gini dalam Hukum Islam dan Perdata di Indonesia.” Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum 4, no. 1 (2026): 1322-32. https://doi.org/10.61104/alz.v4i1.3232.
Katili, Muh Fakhri B., Riyanto Moonti, Roy Marthen Moonti, and Muslim A. Kasim. “Reformasi Politik dan Kewenangan Presi¬den: Analisis Kritis terhadap Peran Instruksi Presiden dalam Pembentukan Kebijakan Nasional.” Politika Progresif: Jurnal Hukum, Politik dan Humaniora 2, no. 2 (2025): 373-83. https://doi.org/10.62383/progres.v2i2.2057.
Lev, Daniel S. Islamic Courts in Indonesia: A Study in the Political Bases of Legal Institutions. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972.
Muslim, Mochammad. “Pengaruh Konfigurasi Politik Hukum Orde Baru Terhadap Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI) di In-donesia.” al-Daulah 4, no. April (2014). https://doi.org/10.15642/ad.2014.4.01.220-242.
Nurlaelawati, Euis. Modernization, Tradition and Identity: The Kompilasi Hukum Islam and Legal Practice in the Indonesian Religious Courts. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2010.
Ridwan, Muannif, Abdul Bari Azed, and Sulaiman Saman. “Kompilasi Hukum Islam Ditinjau dari Perspektif Politik Hukum Indonesia.” Al-Ahkam 3, no. 1 (2021): 39-47. https://doi.org/10.37035/ajh.v17i1.4739.
Sapriya, Syaifullah, Muhammad Mona Adha, and Candra Cuga. “Penguatan Komitmen Akademik Dalam Memperkokoh Ja-tidiri PKn.” Prosiding Seminar Nasional, 2015.
Siswanto, Rais. “Pembaharuan Hukum Islam Indonesia.” Eksekusi: Journal Of Law 5, no. 1 (2023): 1-24. https://doi.org/10.24014/je.v5i1.18423.
Sjadzali, Munawir. “Reaktualisasi Ajaran Islam.” In Polemik Reaktu¬alisasi Ajaran Islam, edited by Iqbal Abdurrauf Saimima. Jakar¬ta: Pustaka Panjimas, 1988.
Suhaili, Achmad. “Integrasi Maqāṣid Al-Syarī‘Ah Dalam Praktik Peradilan Agama Di Indonesia: Studi Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Keluarga.” Jurnal Hukum Keluarga 06, no. 1 (2025). https://doi.org/10.62097/mabahits.v6i01.2236.
Suhardi. “Bentuk-Bentuk Counter Hegemoni Media Era Internet.” Journal Media Public Relations 4, no. 2 (2024): 23-30. https://doi.org/10.37090/jmp.v4i2.1893.
Syahputra, Muhammad Rudi. “Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Da-lam Menyelesaikan Problematika Hukum Kontemporer.” Ju-risprudensi: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 1, no. 2 (2024): 89-106. https://doi.org/10.70193/jurisprudensi.v1i02.08.
Tauratiya, and Ekaningsih Lailasari. “Plaatsvervulling Dalam Hukum Waris Indonesia: Mengungkap Kedudukan Ahli Waris Pengganti.” Islamitsch Familierecht Journal 5, no. 2 (2024): 105-26. https://doi.org/10.32923/ifj.v5i2.5035.
Tim Pengarusutamaan Gender Departemen Agama RI. Pembaruan Hukum Islam: Counter Legal Draft Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Jakar-ta: Departemen Agama RI, 2004.
Wahid, Marzuki, and Rumadi. Fiqh Madzhab Negara: Kritik atas Poli¬tik Hukum Islam di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: LKiS, 2001.
Wardatun, Atun. “Kompilasi Hukum Islam: Dari Dominasi Fiqh Menuju Dominasi Aturan.” Istinbath: Jurnal Hukum dan Ekonomi Islam 5, no. 1 (2007): 1-128.
Watoni, Lalu Sukrizal. “Kedudukan dan Penerapan Kompilasi Hukum Islam Sebagai Mazhab Fiqih di Indonesia.” Jurnal Da-russalam: Pemikiran Hukum Tata Negara dan Perbandingan Hukum 5, no. 1 (2025): 132-46. https://doi.org/10.59259/jd.v5i1.238.
Wildaniyah, Fina, and Ahmad Muktafi. “Kebutuhan akan adanya Kompilasi Hukum Islam bagi Peradilan Agama sudah lama.” Jurnal Kajian Hukum Keluarga Islam 7, no. 2 (2025): 49-58. https://doi.org/10.58293/asa.v7i2.154.
2. Laws, Regulations, and Official Documents
Circular Letter of the Religious Courts Bureau No. B/1/735 of 18 February 1958.
Constitutional Court Decision No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010.
Government Regulation No. 9 of 1975 on the Implementation of Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage.
Joint Decree of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and the Minister of Religious Affairs No. 07/KMA/1985 and No. 25 of 1985 on the Appointment of the Implementation of the Project for the Development of Islamic Law through Juris-prudence.
Law No. 1 of 1974 on Marriage.
Law No. 7 of 1989 on Religious Courts.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia. Fatwa No. 11 of 2012 on the Status of Children Born of Zina and Their Treatment.
Majelis Ulama Indonesia. Keputusan Ijtima’ Ulama Komisi Fatwa se-Indonesia II. Gontor, Ponorogo, 2006.
Minister of Religious Affairs Decree No. 154 of 1991 on the Im-plementation of Presidential Instruction No. 1 of 1991.
Presidential Instruction No. 1 of 1991 on the Dissemination of the Compilation of Islamic Law.