Shia Minority in Medan City: The Early Emergence, Movement and Response of Sunni Groups
Article Sidebar
Published:
Sep 1, 2024
Keywords:
Shia, Sunni, Minority group, Interreligious dialogue, Capital theory
Main Article Content
Abstract
This article studies the Shia community movement in the city of Medan during the Reform Era. Specifically, the study aims to reveal the emergence, development, and activities of the Shia groups in Medan, the response of the Sunni majority group toward the Shia minority community, and the dialogue between Sunni-Shia leaders. This study employs Bourdieu’s theory of cultural capital to analyze Shia community dynamics, and Sergey Melnik’s theory of interreligious dialogue to analyze Sunni-Shia dialogue. The findings reveal that the Shia community began to emerge and develop in the 1990s in the city of Medan, influenced ideologically by Iranian clerics through a group of local figures, including alumni of Iranian Islamic educational institutions. This community established foundations and organizations focusing on religious outreach and social activities. The presence of the Shia community elicited various reactions from Sunni groups; some figures opposed Shi’ism, while others did not see it as an issue. Evidence shows that dialogue occurred between Sunni and Shiite leaders, with some advocating for unity while others emphasized the fundamental differences between the two sects. In addition, this article argues that the Shia group in Medan has been relatively successful in introducing Shia traditions due to their effective use of economic, cultural and social capital, which strengthened their sectarian identity while also increasing acceptance from some Sunni figures. Sunni and Shia dialog includes polemical, cognitive, peacemaking, and partnership dialogue.
Downloads
Download data is not yet available.
Article Details
How to Cite
Syahnan, Mhd., Abd. Mukhsin, and Ja’far Ja’far. “Shia Minority in Medan City: The Early Emergence, Movement and Response of Sunni Groups”. Islamica: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 19, no. 1 (September 1, 2024): 75-111. Accessed February 20, 2026. https://islamica.uinsa.ac.id/index.php/islamica/article/view/1135.
Section
Articles
References
1. Books and journal articles
Abidin, Ahmad Zainal, Imam Fuadi, Nur Kholis, and Thoriqul Aziz. “Conflictual and Peaceful Sunni-Shia Relations: Study on Various Factors of State Policy Formation in Sampang and Yogyakarta.” ESENSIA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin 21, no. 2 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/esensia.v21i2.2243
Alhadar, Smith. “Sejarah Tradisi Syi‘ah Ternate.” Al-Huda 1, no. 1 (2000).
Ali, Fiqh Vredian Aulia. “Intra-Religious Dialogue in Post-Sectarian Violence: Assessing Sampang Sunni-Shiite Relation in Indone-sia.” Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 18, no. 2 (2019): 243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21154/altahrir.v18i2.1377
Amal, M. Khusna. “Anti-Shia Mass Mobilization in Indonesia’s De-mocracy: Godly Alliance, Militant Groups and the Politics of Ex¬clusion.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 10, no. 1 (2020): 25-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v10i1.25-48
An-Nahidl, Nunu Ahmad. “IJABI dan Pendidikan Ahlul Bait: Studi Kasus pada Yayasan Muthahhari Bandung.” EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Dan Keagamaan 12, no. 1 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v12i1.77
Arfa, Irwan. “Ulama Sumut Minta Pemerintah Larang Penyebaran Syiah.” Antaranews.com, May 14, 2015. https://www.sumut.antaranews.com/berita/148193/ulama-sumut-minta-pemerintah-larang-penyebaran-syiah (accessed No-vember 29, 2022).
Baso, Ahmad. “Perayaan Asyura dan Karakter Islam Nusantara.” Syi’ar, n.d..
Bourdieu, Pierre. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. Westport: Greenwood, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494338
Bruinessen, Martin van. “Overview of Muslim Organizations, Associ-ations and Movements in Indonesia.” In Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam, ed. Martin van Bruinessen. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814414579-006
Burhani, Ahmad Najib. “Torn between Muhammadiyah and Ahmadi¬yah in Indonesia: Discussing Erfaan Dahlan’s Religious Affilia¬tion and Self-Exile.” Indonesia and the Malay World 48, no. 140 (2020): 60-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2019.1663678
Bustamam-Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman. “From Power to Cultural Land-scapes: Rewriting History of Shi‘ah in Aceh.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 11, no. 2 (2017): 509-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2017.11.2.509-530
Dahri, Harapandi. “Tradisi Syi‘ah Memperkuat Kearifan Lokal Nusantara.” Syi’ar, n.d.
Daneshgar, Majid. “The Study of Persian Shi‘ism in the Malay-Indonesian World: A Review of Literature from the Nineteenth Century Onwards.” Journal of Shi’a Islamic Studies 7, no. 2 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/isl.2014.0017
Dewan Fatwa Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah. “Hasil Rekomendasi Rapim Dewan Fatwa Al Washliyah,” December 7, 2013. https://kabarwashliyah.com/2013/12/07/hasil-rekomendasi-rapim-dewan-fatwa-al-washliyah/ (accessed November 29, 2022).
Divisi Fatwa Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid and Pimpinan Pusat Muham-madiyah. “Bagaimana Pandangan Muhammadiyah Tentang Syiah, HTI, Dan Tarekat Shiddiqiyyah?” Suara Muhammadiyah, 2021.
Fuad, Zainul. Perkembangan Komunitas Ahlul Bait di Sumatra Utara. Me-dan: Pusat Penelitian IAIN Sumatera Utara, 2006.
Hasjmy, A. Syi‘ah Dan Ahlussunnah Saling Berebut Pengaruh dan Keku-asaan Sejak Awal Sejarah Islam di Kepulauan Nusantara. Suraba¬ya: Bina Ilmu, 1983.
Heriyanto, Husain. “The Role and Contribution of Iranian Scholars to the Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Indonesia from the Past to the Present.” In The Civilisational and Cultural Heritage of Iran and the Malay World: A Cultural Discourse, eds. Syed Farid Alatas and Abdolreza Alami, 2018.
Iqbal, Muhammad Zafar. Kafilah Budaya: Pengaruh Persia terhadap Ke-budayaan Indonesia. Jakarta: Citra, 2006.
Iryana, Wahyu, Nina Herlina Lubis, and Kunto Sofianto. “The Exist-ence of Shia in Indonesia Between Tradition.” Paramita: Historical Studies Journal 28, no. 2 (2018): 125-36.
Isya’, Muhammad Andi. “Pendidikan dan Konflik (Potret Konflik Sunni-Syiah dan Imbasnya terhadap Pendidikan di Bangil Kabu-paten Pasuruan).” Progressa: Journal of Islamic Religious Instruction 2, no. 1 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.32616/pgr.v2.1.104.13-14
Ja’far. “Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah dan Pelestarian Akidah Ahl Sunnah Wa Al-Jama‘ah di Indonesia.” ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 14, no. 1 (2019): 54-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2019.14.1.54-81
Ja’far. Dewan Fatwa Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah. Edited by Imam Yazid and Irwansyah Irwansyah. Medan: Perdana Publishing and Dewan Fatwa Al Washliyah, 2020.
Ja’far. “Respons Dewan Fatwa Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah terhadap Isu Akidah dan Syariah di Era Global.” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 10, no. 1 (2016): 97-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v10i1.919
Ja’far, Dahlia Lubis, and Muhammad Iqbal. “Persian Philosophy in the Archipelago: The Transmission of Persian Islamic Intellectual Tradition to Indonesia in the Contemporary Era.” Journal of Con¬temporary Islam and Muslim Societies 7, no. 1 (2023): 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v7i1.14241
Ja’far, Mhd Syahnan, Asrul Asrul, Zaini Dahlan, and Sakti Ritonga. “Discovering the Legacy of Mandailing Ulama: Education, Intel-lectuals, and Politics in North Sumatra in the Early 20th Centu-ry.” Ulumuna: Journal of Islamic Studies 26, no. 2 (2022): 296-336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v26i2.502
Kamaluddin, Moh. Telaah Kritis Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) Tentang Kesesatan Ajaran Syiah dan Implikasi Hukumnya terhadap Per-lindungan Hak Kebebasan Beragama di Indonesia (Studi terhadap Fatwa MUI Propinsi Jawa Timur No. Kep-01/SKF-MUI/JTM/I/2012). Malang: University of Muhammadiyah Malang, 2015.
Krippendorff, Klaus H. Content Analysis. California: Sage Publication, Inc., 1980.
Lubis, Dahlia, and Syarifah Rahmah. “Education Movement of Shia Group in Contemporary Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 5, no. 2 (2022): 224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v5i2.9654
Makhfud Syawaludin. “Harmoni Di Pasuruan: Titik Temu Ulama Sy-iah Dengan Ulama Pesantren.” Multicultural Islamic Education 7, no. 1 (2023): 67-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35891/ims.v7i1.4979
Makhsum, Ali. “Stigmatisasi Dan Ppropaganda Anti-Syiah: Sorotan Deskriptif Gerakan ANNAS.” Jurnal CMES 12, no. 2 (2019): 182-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/cmes.12.2.37894.
Makin, Al. “Homogenizing Indonesian Islam: Persecution of the Shia Group in Yogyakarta.” Studia Islamika 24, no. 1 (2017): 1-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v24i1.3354
Matondang, Husnel Anwar. “Mengenal Syiah dari Lintasan Sejarah.” Medan: MUI Sumatera Utara, 2014.
Melnik, Sergey. “Types of Interreligious Dialogue.” Journal of Interreli-gious Studies 31 (2020): 48-72. https://irstudies.org/index.php/jirs/article/download/499/521/
Miles, Matthew B, A. Michael Huberman, and Johnny Saldana. Quali-tative Data Analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 2024.
Nasir, M. “Belajar Syiah Berarti Mendukung Gerakan Tasykik.” Waspada, October 5, 2012. https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__jumat_5_oktober_2012/28 (accessed November 29, 2022).
Nasir, M. “Perbedaan Prinsipil Antara Sunni dan Syiah.” Waspada. September 7, 2012. https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__jumat_7_september_2012 (accessed November 29, 2022).
Noer, Deliar. The Rise and Development of the Modernist Muslim Movement in Indonesia during the Dutch Colonial Period (1900-1942). Ithaca: Cornell University, 1963.
Pulungan, Abbas. “Nahdlatul Ulama Di Luar Jawa: Perkembangan Di Tanah Mandailing.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Socie¬ties 2, no. 1 (2018): 91-217.
Pulungan, Abbas. Perkembangan Islam di Mandailing. Bandung: Cita-pustaka Media, 2008.
Pulungan, Abbas. “Lebih Jauh Tentang Syiah.” Waspada, October 12, 2012. https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__jumat_12_oktober_2012 (accessed November 29, 2022).
Pulungan, Fachrurrozy. “Apa, dan Mengapa Syiah.” Waspada, Sep-tember 21, 2012. https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__jumat_21_september_2012 (accessed November 29, 2022).
Rangkuti, Ovied. “Petaka Syiah di Indonesia,” December 7, 2013. https://kabarwashliyah.com/2013/12/07/petaka-syiah-di-indonesia/ (accessed November 29, 2022).
Rasyidin, Al. “Islamic Organizations in North Sumatra: The Politics of Initial Establishment and Later Development.” Journal of Indo-nesia Islam 10, no. 1 (2016): 63-88.
Rasyidin, Al. “Organisasi Islam di Tanah Melayu: Ideologi dan Gerakan Al-Ittihadiyah Sebelum Era Reformasi.” Journal of Con-temporary Islam and Muslim Societies 2, no. 1 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v2i1.1746
Redaksi ANNAS. “Pernyataan Sikap ANNAS Provinsi Sumatera Utara,” February 15, 2016. https://www.annasindonesia.com/read/202-pernyataan-sikap-annas-provinsi-sumatra-utara- (accessed November 29, 2022).
Repantu, Candiki. “Belajar Syiah Merajut Ukhuwah.” Waspada. Sep-tember 28, 2012. https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__jumat_28_september_2012 (accessed November 29, 2022).
Saefudin, Ahmad, and Fathur Rohman. “Building Social Harmony in the Jepara Shi‘Ite Minorities.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 3, no. 2 (2019): 49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v3i2.5622
Siddik, Dja’far. “Dinamika Organisasi Muhammadiyah di Sumatera Utara.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 1, no. 1 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v1i1.322
Siddik, Dja’far. Gerakan Yayasan Islam Abu Thalib bagi Pengembangan Mazhab Syi’ah Itsna ’Asyariyah di Kota Medan. Medan: Pusat Penelitian IAIN Sumatera Utara, 2010.
Siddik, Dja’far, and Rosnita Rosnita. “Gerakan Pendidikan Al-Washliyah di Sumatera Utara.” Ulumuna 18, no. 2 (2014).
Siregar, L. Hidayat. “Tarekat Naqsyabandian Syaikh Abdul Wahab Rokan: Sejarah, Ajaran, Amalan, dan Dinamika Perubahan.” MI-QOT: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 35, no. 1 (2011): 59-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v35i1.131
Sofjan, Dicky. “Minoritization and Criminalization of Shia Islam in Indonesia.” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 39, no. 2 (2016): 29-44. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/340/article/779587/summary
Syahnan, Mhd., Ja’far, and Muhammad Iqbal. “Ulama and Radicalism in Contemporary Indonesia: Response of Al Washliyah’s Ulama on Radicalism.” Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 21, no. 1 (2021): 89-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v21i1.19684
Syahnan, Mhd, and Ja‘far. “Examining Religious Moderation of Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah Fatwa Council.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 15, no. 1 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2021.15.1.21-46
Wahid, Ramli Abdul. “Aliran Minoritas dalam Islam di Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 1, no. 2 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v1i2.1071
Wahid, Ramli Abdul. “Kedudukan Hadis dan Al-Qur’an Menurut Sy-iah.” MUI North Sumatra, 2014.
Wahid, Ramli Abdul. “Paham Sesat dan Sempalan serta An-tisipasinya.” In Second Rapimwil 2016 PW IPHI North Sumatra. Medan: PW IPHI North Sumatra, 2016.
Wahid, Ramli Abdul. Keputusan-Keputusan Dewan Fatwa Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah (1933-2020), eds. Ja’far, Imam Yazid, and Irwansyah. Medan: Perdana Publishing dan Dewan Fatwa Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah, 2020.
Widiyanto, Asfa. “Rapprochement Between Sunnism and Shiism in Indonesia.” Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman 16, no. 1 (2021): 31-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21274/epis.2021.16.01.31-58
Yayasan IPABI. Laporan Kegiatan Silaturahmi Nasional (Silatnas) Ahlul Bait Indonesia III. Bogor: Yayasan IPABI, 2006.
Yayasan Islam Abu Thalib. “Dasa Warsa Yayasan Islam Abu Thalib.” January 23, 2016. https://abuthalib.wordpress.com/2016/01/23/dasa-warsa-yayasan-islam-abu-thalib/ (accessed November 29, 2022).
Yayasan Islam Abu Thalib. “Persamaan Sunni-Syiah.” 2012. https://abuthalib.wordpress.com/2012/11/07/persamaan-sunni-syiah/ (accessed November 29, 2022).
“Yayasan Islam Abu Thalib Serahkan Tiga Ton Beras ke Masyarakat.” Medan Bisnis, July 2015.
Yursal, Aidi. “Persamaan Aliran Sunni-Syiah.” Waspada. November 12, 2012. https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__rabu_12_september_2012 (accessed November 29, 2022).
2. Interviews
Irwansyah, Deputy Secretary of the North Sumatra MUI, February 12, 2019.
Nafaro Affandy Lubis, an entrepreneur and the Leader of the Abu Thalib Islamic foundation in 2006-2008, February 14, 2019.
Heru Heriyanto, Chairman of the Medan City IJABI and alumnus of the State Institute for Islamic Studies of North Sumatra, Febru¬ary 14, 2019.
Yudarwin, a member of the Abu Thalib Islamic Foundation and a lecturer at UIN Sumatera Utara, Medan, February 14, 2019.
Bob Friyandi, administrator of the Abu Thalib Islamic Foundation and a member of the KPU Tanjungbalai City, February 14, 2019.
Abidin, Ahmad Zainal, Imam Fuadi, Nur Kholis, and Thoriqul Aziz. “Conflictual and Peaceful Sunni-Shia Relations: Study on Various Factors of State Policy Formation in Sampang and Yogyakarta.” ESENSIA: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin 21, no. 2 (2020). DOI: https://doi.org/10.14421/esensia.v21i2.2243
Alhadar, Smith. “Sejarah Tradisi Syi‘ah Ternate.” Al-Huda 1, no. 1 (2000).
Ali, Fiqh Vredian Aulia. “Intra-Religious Dialogue in Post-Sectarian Violence: Assessing Sampang Sunni-Shiite Relation in Indone-sia.” Al-Tahrir: Jurnal Pemikiran Islam 18, no. 2 (2019): 243. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21154/altahrir.v18i2.1377
Amal, M. Khusna. “Anti-Shia Mass Mobilization in Indonesia’s De-mocracy: Godly Alliance, Militant Groups and the Politics of Ex¬clusion.” Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies 10, no. 1 (2020): 25-48. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v10i1.25-48
An-Nahidl, Nunu Ahmad. “IJABI dan Pendidikan Ahlul Bait: Studi Kasus pada Yayasan Muthahhari Bandung.” EDUKASI: Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan Agama Dan Keagamaan 12, no. 1 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.32729/edukasi.v12i1.77
Arfa, Irwan. “Ulama Sumut Minta Pemerintah Larang Penyebaran Syiah.” Antaranews.com, May 14, 2015. https://www.sumut.antaranews.com/berita/148193/ulama-sumut-minta-pemerintah-larang-penyebaran-syiah (accessed No-vember 29, 2022).
Baso, Ahmad. “Perayaan Asyura dan Karakter Islam Nusantara.” Syi’ar, n.d..
Bourdieu, Pierre. “The Forms of Capital.” In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. Westport: Greenwood, 1986. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429494338
Bruinessen, Martin van. “Overview of Muslim Organizations, Associ-ations and Movements in Indonesia.” In Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam, ed. Martin van Bruinessen. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2013. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1355/9789814414579-006
Burhani, Ahmad Najib. “Torn between Muhammadiyah and Ahmadi¬yah in Indonesia: Discussing Erfaan Dahlan’s Religious Affilia¬tion and Self-Exile.” Indonesia and the Malay World 48, no. 140 (2020): 60-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2019.1663678
Bustamam-Ahmad, Kamaruzzaman. “From Power to Cultural Land-scapes: Rewriting History of Shi‘ah in Aceh.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 11, no. 2 (2017): 509-30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2017.11.2.509-530
Dahri, Harapandi. “Tradisi Syi‘ah Memperkuat Kearifan Lokal Nusantara.” Syi’ar, n.d.
Daneshgar, Majid. “The Study of Persian Shi‘ism in the Malay-Indonesian World: A Review of Literature from the Nineteenth Century Onwards.” Journal of Shi’a Islamic Studies 7, no. 2 (2014). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/isl.2014.0017
Dewan Fatwa Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah. “Hasil Rekomendasi Rapim Dewan Fatwa Al Washliyah,” December 7, 2013. https://kabarwashliyah.com/2013/12/07/hasil-rekomendasi-rapim-dewan-fatwa-al-washliyah/ (accessed November 29, 2022).
Divisi Fatwa Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid and Pimpinan Pusat Muham-madiyah. “Bagaimana Pandangan Muhammadiyah Tentang Syiah, HTI, Dan Tarekat Shiddiqiyyah?” Suara Muhammadiyah, 2021.
Fuad, Zainul. Perkembangan Komunitas Ahlul Bait di Sumatra Utara. Me-dan: Pusat Penelitian IAIN Sumatera Utara, 2006.
Hasjmy, A. Syi‘ah Dan Ahlussunnah Saling Berebut Pengaruh dan Keku-asaan Sejak Awal Sejarah Islam di Kepulauan Nusantara. Suraba¬ya: Bina Ilmu, 1983.
Heriyanto, Husain. “The Role and Contribution of Iranian Scholars to the Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Indonesia from the Past to the Present.” In The Civilisational and Cultural Heritage of Iran and the Malay World: A Cultural Discourse, eds. Syed Farid Alatas and Abdolreza Alami, 2018.
Iqbal, Muhammad Zafar. Kafilah Budaya: Pengaruh Persia terhadap Ke-budayaan Indonesia. Jakarta: Citra, 2006.
Iryana, Wahyu, Nina Herlina Lubis, and Kunto Sofianto. “The Exist-ence of Shia in Indonesia Between Tradition.” Paramita: Historical Studies Journal 28, no. 2 (2018): 125-36.
Isya’, Muhammad Andi. “Pendidikan dan Konflik (Potret Konflik Sunni-Syiah dan Imbasnya terhadap Pendidikan di Bangil Kabu-paten Pasuruan).” Progressa: Journal of Islamic Religious Instruction 2, no. 1 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.32616/pgr.v2.1.104.13-14
Ja’far. “Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah dan Pelestarian Akidah Ahl Sunnah Wa Al-Jama‘ah di Indonesia.” ISLAMICA: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 14, no. 1 (2019): 54-81. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/islamica.2019.14.1.54-81
Ja’far. Dewan Fatwa Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah. Edited by Imam Yazid and Irwansyah Irwansyah. Medan: Perdana Publishing and Dewan Fatwa Al Washliyah, 2020.
Ja’far. “Respons Dewan Fatwa Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah terhadap Isu Akidah dan Syariah di Era Global.” Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam 10, no. 1 (2016): 97-118. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v10i1.919
Ja’far, Dahlia Lubis, and Muhammad Iqbal. “Persian Philosophy in the Archipelago: The Transmission of Persian Islamic Intellectual Tradition to Indonesia in the Contemporary Era.” Journal of Con¬temporary Islam and Muslim Societies 7, no. 1 (2023): 1. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v7i1.14241
Ja’far, Mhd Syahnan, Asrul Asrul, Zaini Dahlan, and Sakti Ritonga. “Discovering the Legacy of Mandailing Ulama: Education, Intel-lectuals, and Politics in North Sumatra in the Early 20th Centu-ry.” Ulumuna: Journal of Islamic Studies 26, no. 2 (2022): 296-336. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20414/ujis.v26i2.502
Kamaluddin, Moh. Telaah Kritis Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) Tentang Kesesatan Ajaran Syiah dan Implikasi Hukumnya terhadap Per-lindungan Hak Kebebasan Beragama di Indonesia (Studi terhadap Fatwa MUI Propinsi Jawa Timur No. Kep-01/SKF-MUI/JTM/I/2012). Malang: University of Muhammadiyah Malang, 2015.
Krippendorff, Klaus H. Content Analysis. California: Sage Publication, Inc., 1980.
Lubis, Dahlia, and Syarifah Rahmah. “Education Movement of Shia Group in Contemporary Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 5, no. 2 (2022): 224. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v5i2.9654
Makhfud Syawaludin. “Harmoni Di Pasuruan: Titik Temu Ulama Sy-iah Dengan Ulama Pesantren.” Multicultural Islamic Education 7, no. 1 (2023): 67-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.35891/ims.v7i1.4979
Makhsum, Ali. “Stigmatisasi Dan Ppropaganda Anti-Syiah: Sorotan Deskriptif Gerakan ANNAS.” Jurnal CMES 12, no. 2 (2019): 182-91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20961/cmes.12.2.37894.
Makin, Al. “Homogenizing Indonesian Islam: Persecution of the Shia Group in Yogyakarta.” Studia Islamika 24, no. 1 (2017): 1-32. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v24i1.3354
Matondang, Husnel Anwar. “Mengenal Syiah dari Lintasan Sejarah.” Medan: MUI Sumatera Utara, 2014.
Melnik, Sergey. “Types of Interreligious Dialogue.” Journal of Interreli-gious Studies 31 (2020): 48-72. https://irstudies.org/index.php/jirs/article/download/499/521/
Miles, Matthew B, A. Michael Huberman, and Johnny Saldana. Quali-tative Data Analysis. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 2024.
Nasir, M. “Belajar Syiah Berarti Mendukung Gerakan Tasykik.” Waspada, October 5, 2012. https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__jumat_5_oktober_2012/28 (accessed November 29, 2022).
Nasir, M. “Perbedaan Prinsipil Antara Sunni dan Syiah.” Waspada. September 7, 2012. https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__jumat_7_september_2012 (accessed November 29, 2022).
Noer, Deliar. The Rise and Development of the Modernist Muslim Movement in Indonesia during the Dutch Colonial Period (1900-1942). Ithaca: Cornell University, 1963.
Pulungan, Abbas. “Nahdlatul Ulama Di Luar Jawa: Perkembangan Di Tanah Mandailing.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Socie¬ties 2, no. 1 (2018): 91-217.
Pulungan, Abbas. Perkembangan Islam di Mandailing. Bandung: Cita-pustaka Media, 2008.
Pulungan, Abbas. “Lebih Jauh Tentang Syiah.” Waspada, October 12, 2012. https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__jumat_12_oktober_2012 (accessed November 29, 2022).
Pulungan, Fachrurrozy. “Apa, dan Mengapa Syiah.” Waspada, Sep-tember 21, 2012. https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__jumat_21_september_2012 (accessed November 29, 2022).
Rangkuti, Ovied. “Petaka Syiah di Indonesia,” December 7, 2013. https://kabarwashliyah.com/2013/12/07/petaka-syiah-di-indonesia/ (accessed November 29, 2022).
Rasyidin, Al. “Islamic Organizations in North Sumatra: The Politics of Initial Establishment and Later Development.” Journal of Indo-nesia Islam 10, no. 1 (2016): 63-88.
Rasyidin, Al. “Organisasi Islam di Tanah Melayu: Ideologi dan Gerakan Al-Ittihadiyah Sebelum Era Reformasi.” Journal of Con-temporary Islam and Muslim Societies 2, no. 1 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v2i1.1746
Redaksi ANNAS. “Pernyataan Sikap ANNAS Provinsi Sumatera Utara,” February 15, 2016. https://www.annasindonesia.com/read/202-pernyataan-sikap-annas-provinsi-sumatra-utara- (accessed November 29, 2022).
Repantu, Candiki. “Belajar Syiah Merajut Ukhuwah.” Waspada. Sep-tember 28, 2012. https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__jumat_28_september_2012 (accessed November 29, 2022).
Saefudin, Ahmad, and Fathur Rohman. “Building Social Harmony in the Jepara Shi‘Ite Minorities.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 3, no. 2 (2019): 49. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v3i2.5622
Siddik, Dja’far. “Dinamika Organisasi Muhammadiyah di Sumatera Utara.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 1, no. 1 (2017). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v1i1.322
Siddik, Dja’far. Gerakan Yayasan Islam Abu Thalib bagi Pengembangan Mazhab Syi’ah Itsna ’Asyariyah di Kota Medan. Medan: Pusat Penelitian IAIN Sumatera Utara, 2010.
Siddik, Dja’far, and Rosnita Rosnita. “Gerakan Pendidikan Al-Washliyah di Sumatera Utara.” Ulumuna 18, no. 2 (2014).
Siregar, L. Hidayat. “Tarekat Naqsyabandian Syaikh Abdul Wahab Rokan: Sejarah, Ajaran, Amalan, dan Dinamika Perubahan.” MI-QOT: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Keislaman 35, no. 1 (2011): 59-77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/miqot.v35i1.131
Sofjan, Dicky. “Minoritization and Criminalization of Shia Islam in Indonesia.” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies 39, no. 2 (2016): 29-44. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/340/article/779587/summary
Syahnan, Mhd., Ja’far, and Muhammad Iqbal. “Ulama and Radicalism in Contemporary Indonesia: Response of Al Washliyah’s Ulama on Radicalism.” Ahkam: Jurnal Ilmu Syariah 21, no. 1 (2021): 89-110. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15408/ajis.v21i1.19684
Syahnan, Mhd, and Ja‘far. “Examining Religious Moderation of Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah Fatwa Council.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 15, no. 1 (2021). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2021.15.1.21-46
Wahid, Ramli Abdul. “Aliran Minoritas dalam Islam di Indonesia.” Journal of Contemporary Islam and Muslim Societies 1, no. 2 (2018). DOI: https://doi.org/10.30821/jcims.v1i2.1071
Wahid, Ramli Abdul. “Kedudukan Hadis dan Al-Qur’an Menurut Sy-iah.” MUI North Sumatra, 2014.
Wahid, Ramli Abdul. “Paham Sesat dan Sempalan serta An-tisipasinya.” In Second Rapimwil 2016 PW IPHI North Sumatra. Medan: PW IPHI North Sumatra, 2016.
Wahid, Ramli Abdul. Keputusan-Keputusan Dewan Fatwa Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah (1933-2020), eds. Ja’far, Imam Yazid, and Irwansyah. Medan: Perdana Publishing dan Dewan Fatwa Al Jam’iyatul Washliyah, 2020.
Widiyanto, Asfa. “Rapprochement Between Sunnism and Shiism in Indonesia.” Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman 16, no. 1 (2021): 31-58. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21274/epis.2021.16.01.31-58
Yayasan IPABI. Laporan Kegiatan Silaturahmi Nasional (Silatnas) Ahlul Bait Indonesia III. Bogor: Yayasan IPABI, 2006.
Yayasan Islam Abu Thalib. “Dasa Warsa Yayasan Islam Abu Thalib.” January 23, 2016. https://abuthalib.wordpress.com/2016/01/23/dasa-warsa-yayasan-islam-abu-thalib/ (accessed November 29, 2022).
Yayasan Islam Abu Thalib. “Persamaan Sunni-Syiah.” 2012. https://abuthalib.wordpress.com/2012/11/07/persamaan-sunni-syiah/ (accessed November 29, 2022).
“Yayasan Islam Abu Thalib Serahkan Tiga Ton Beras ke Masyarakat.” Medan Bisnis, July 2015.
Yursal, Aidi. “Persamaan Aliran Sunni-Syiah.” Waspada. November 12, 2012. https://issuu.com/waspada/docs/waspada__rabu_12_september_2012 (accessed November 29, 2022).
2. Interviews
Irwansyah, Deputy Secretary of the North Sumatra MUI, February 12, 2019.
Nafaro Affandy Lubis, an entrepreneur and the Leader of the Abu Thalib Islamic foundation in 2006-2008, February 14, 2019.
Heru Heriyanto, Chairman of the Medan City IJABI and alumnus of the State Institute for Islamic Studies of North Sumatra, Febru¬ary 14, 2019.
Yudarwin, a member of the Abu Thalib Islamic Foundation and a lecturer at UIN Sumatera Utara, Medan, February 14, 2019.
Bob Friyandi, administrator of the Abu Thalib Islamic Foundation and a member of the KPU Tanjungbalai City, February 14, 2019.